“Caste” refers to a social system characterized by hierarchical stratification based on hereditary or birth-based status. It is particularly prevalent in certain societies, notably India, where it has been historically ingrained for centuries. In the Indian context, the caste system traditionally divides society into four main groups, or varnas, which are:

1. Brahmins: The priestly or intellectual class.
2. Kshatriyas: The warrior or ruling class.
3. Vaishyas: The merchant or business class.
4. Shudras: The laborer or servant class.

Below these varnas, there exist numerous sub-castes, known as jatis, which further delineate social groups based on occupation, kinship, and other factors. Caste-based discrimination has been a significant issue in many societies, particularly in India, where it has led to social injustice, economic disparities, and limitations on opportunities for certain groups. Efforts to eradicate caste-based discrimination and promote social equality have been ongoing, both within India and internationally   What is Casteism?   Casteism refers to the practice of discriminating against individuals or groups based on their caste. It involves treating people differently, often unfairly or oppressively, solely because of the caste into which they are born. Casteism can manifest in various forms, including social exclusion, economic exploitation, denial of opportunities, and violence. Casteism is often deeply ingrained in societies where the caste system is prevalent, such as India, but it can also exist in other cultures and contexts where similar systems of social hierarchy based on birth exist. It perpetuates inequality and injustice by reinforcing stereotypes, limiting social mobility, and perpetuating divisions within communities. Efforts to combat casteism involve promoting awareness, challenging discriminatory practices, advocating for equal rights and opportunities, and fostering inclusive attitudes and policies. These efforts are crucial for building more equitable and just societies where individuals are not judged or treated unfairly based on their caste or social background What is Casteism in India?  

• Casteism in India refers to the social phenomenon where discrimination and prejudice are directed against individuals or groups based on their caste or social status. The caste system, deeply rooted in Indian society for centuries, divides people into hierarchical groups with limited mobility between them.
• Casteism manifests in various ways, including social exclusion, economic exploitation, denial of opportunities, violence, and unequal access to resources and services.
• Despite legal measures and social movements aimed at abolishing caste-based discrimination, casteism continues to persist in many aspects of Indian society.
• It affects various spheres of life, including education, employment, politics, and marriage. Individuals belonging to lower castes often face systemic barriers that hinder their social and economic progress, while those belonging to higher castes may enjoy privileges and advantages solely based on their caste status.
• Efforts to address casteism in India include legal measures such as affirmative action policies (reservations) to promote representation and access to opportunities for historically disadvantaged castes (Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes).
• Additionally, civil society organizations, activists, and grassroots movements work to raise awareness, challenge discriminatory practices, and promote social inclusion and equality.
• Despite these efforts, casteism remains a complex and deeply entrenched issue that continues to shape social relations and inequalities in India

Constitutional Provision Against Caste Discrimination In India, there are several constitutional provisions aimed at combating caste discrimination and promoting equality among all citizens

Article 15	This article prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It states that the state shall not discriminate against any citizen on these grounds in matters of access to shops, public restaurants, hotels, and places of public entertainment or in the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads, and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of the general public
Article 17	This article abolishes untouchability and forbids its practice in any form. It declares untouchability to be an offense punishable by law and prescribes penalties for its enforcement
Article 46	This directive principle of state policy mandates that the state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular, of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989	This act provides for the prevention of atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and for the effective protection of their rights. It includes provisions for the punishment of offenses such as denying access to public places, forcing them to do manual scavenging, and other forms of discrimination and violence
Reservation Policy	The Constitution of India provides for reservation of seats in educational institutions and government jobs for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) to ensure their representation and participation in various sectors