1. Executive 

Every country will have an executive but necessarily of the same type. Some countries have Presidents only, some have Prime Ministers only and some have both President and Prime Minister. The powers vary from one country to another, the Queen of England and the King of Bhutan will not have the same executive powers. The following is the list of countries and their executive powers.

Country	Executive Power
United States of America	Presidential system and the executive powers vested with President only
Canada	Parliamentary democracy with constitutional monarchy Queen Elizabeth II is the formal chief of State but executive powers are with Prime Minister
France	Both President and Prime Ministers are part of a semi-presidential system The president appoints the Prime Minister as well as Ministers but the President cannot dismiss them as they are responsible for the Parliament
Japan	governmentidential System: The President is the head of the state as well as the government. The office of the President is very powerful, both on Paper and in Practice. The USA, Brazil and Most Latin Countries have this system.

2. India- Parliamentary Executive

According to this system, there is a president who is the formal head of the state of India. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers that runs the government at the Centre. At the State level, Executives comprise of Governor, Chief Minister and Council of Ministers

2.1. President of India

• Must be a Citizen of India
• Must be of age above 35 years
• Must be qualified for election as a member of the House of People (LS)
• Must not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state or local

• The president is elected for five years,
• There is no direct election from the people to the office of the President, the President is elected indirectly
• The President’s electoral college consists of –Elected Members of Parliament, elected members of the State assembly
• This election takes place by the principle of proportional representation of transferable vote

• The president has a right to be informed on all the matters and deliberations of the council of ministers
• The Prime Ministers is obligated to furnish all the information that the president may call for
• The President often writes to the prime Minister and expresses his concerns on matters confronting the country
• President can send back the advice of the Council of Ministers and ask them to reconsider
• Council can still send that advice again, this time President would then be bound by the advice
• President has a veto power to withhold or refuse to give consent to bills –Other than Money Bills which are passed by the parliament
• This ‘veto’ power is limited because, if the Parliament passes the same bill again and sends it back again to the President, then the President has to give assent to the bill, however, there is no limit to keeping the bill pending with President
• When no Party has a clear majority, the President has the discretion power to select the Prime Minister

2.2. Vice President of India

• Must be a Citizen of India
• Must be of age above 35 years
• Must be qualified for election as a member of the House of People (LS)
• Must not hold any office of profit under the government of India or any state or local

• Vice President is elected for five years
• Electing Vice President is similar to electing the President but Members of the state Legislatures are not part of this electorate
• The vice president may be removed from office by a resolution passed in the Rajyas Abha by a majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha
• Vice President acts as the ex-officio chairman of the Rajya Sabha
• Vice President will take over the office of the President when there is a vacancy by the reasons of death, resignation, removal by impeachment otherwise

2.3. Prime Minister and Council of Ministers

• The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister, which makes him the most important functionary of the government in our country
• In the Parliamentary form of executive, it is essential that the Prime Minister has the support of the Majority in the Lok Sabha
• Formally, a leader who has the support is appointed as the Prime Minister. Then he decides who will be the ministers in his council
• Chief ministers also choose ministers once He/she proves their Majority
• If someone is made Prime Minister, within 6 Months he needs to get elected
• According to the 91^st amendment of the Constitution says that the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15% of the total number of the people in the House
• Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha
• The Minister who loses the confidence of the Lok Sabha is obliged to resign
• Collective responsibility is based on the principle of solidarity of the cabinet vote of no confidence against a single minister leads to the resignation of the entire Council of Ministers
• The Prime Minister enjoys a pre-eminent place in the government, without the Prime Minister there is no council of Ministers
• The death, or resignation automatically brings about the dissolution of the council of ministers, but the demise, dismissal and resignation of a minister creates a vacancy in the council only
• At the State level, similar parliamentary executives exist, though with variations
• Governor of a state is appointed by the President on the advice of the Union government
• In the state, the chief minister is the same as the prime minister but the governor has more discretionary powers than the chief minister.

• The executive organ of the government includes the Prime Minister, the ministers and a large organization called the bureaucracy or administration machinery
• To underline the difference between this administrative machinery and Military machinery, these are named civil service
• Trained and skilled officers who work as permanent employees of government are assigned tasks to assist ministers in formulating policies as well as implementing them
• In a democracy, the elected representatives and the ministers are in charge of the government and the administration is under their control
• In the parliamentary system administration is under state legislation control too
• The administrative officers cannot act in violation of the policies adopted by the legislature
• It is the responsibility of the ministers to retain political control over the administration
• India has professional administrative machinery, but they are accountable to the political system
• The bureaucracy has to be politically neutral, they can’t take any political positions on policy matters
• The Indian bureaucracy is a complex system, it consists of All India Services, State services, employees of the local government and the technical, and managerial staff running the Public sector Undertakings
• The Union Public Service Commission has been entrusted with the task of conducting the process of recruitment of civil servants to the government of India
• Similar public service commissions are established and entrusted with similar tasks for the recruitment of state machinery
• The bureaucracy is an instrument through which all the policies reach people